Preposition

 Preposition Basics

A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to."

Prepositions in English are highly idiomatic. Although there are some rules for usage, much preposition usage is dictated by fixed expressions. In these cases, it is best to memorize the phrase instead of the individual preposition.

A Few Rules

Prepositions of Direction

To refer to a direction, use the prepositions "to," "in," "into," "on," and "onto."

She drove to the store.

Don’t ring the doorbell. Come right in(to) the house.

Drive on(to) the grass and park the car there.

 

Prepositions of Time

To refer to one point in time, use the prepositions "in," "at," and "on."

Use "in" with parts of the day (not specific times), months, years, and seasons.

He reads in the evening.

The weather is cold in December.

She was born in 1996.

We rake leaves in the fall.

Use "at" with the time of day. Also use "at" with noon, night, and midnight.

I go to work at 8:00.

He eats lunch at noon.

She often goes for a walk at night.

They go to bed at midnight.

Use "on" with days.

I work on Saturdays.

He does laundry on Wednesdays.

To refer to extended time, use the prepositions "since," "for," "by," "during," "from…to," "from…until," "with," and "within."

I have lived in Minneapolis since 2005. (I moved there in 2005 and still live there.)

He will be in Toronto for 3 weeks. (He will spend 3 weeks in Toronto.)

She will finish her homework by 6:00. (She will finish her homework sometime between now and 6:00.)

He works part time during the summer. (For the period of time throughout the summer.)

I will collect data from January to June. (Starting in January and ending in June.)

They are in school from August until May. (Starting in August and ending in May.)

She will graduate within 2 years. (Not longer than 2 years.)

 

Prepositions of Place

To refer to a place, use the prepositions "in" (the point itself), "at" (the general vicinity), "on" (the surface), and "inside" (something contained).

They will meet in the lunchroom.

She was waiting at the corner.

He left his phone on the bed.

Place the pen inside the drawer.

To refer to an object higher than a point, use the prepositions "over" and "above." To refer to an object lower than a point, use the prepositions "below," "beneath," "under," and "underneath."

The bird flew over the house.

The plates were on the shelf above the cups.

Basements are dug below ground.

There is hard wood beneath the carpet.

The squirrel hid the nuts under a pile of leaves.

The cat is hiding underneath the box.

 To refer to an object close to a point, use the prepositions "by," "near," "next to," "between," "among," and "opposite."

The gas station is by the grocery store.

The park is near her house.

Park your bike next to the garage.

There is a deer between the two trees.

There is a purple flower among the weeds.

The garage is opposite the house.

 

Prepositions of Location

To refer to a location, use the prepositions "in" (an area or volume), "at" (a point), and "on" (a surface).

They live in the country. (an area)

She will find him at the library. (a point)

There is a lot of dirt on the window. (a surface)

 

Prepositions of Spatial Relationships

To refer to a spatial relationship, use the prepositions "above," "across," "against," "ahead of," "along," "among," "around," "behind," "below,"

"beneath," "beside," "between," "from," "in front of," "inside," "near," "off," "out of," "through," "toward," "under," and "within."

The post office is across the street from the grocery store.

We will stop at many attractions along the way.

The kids are hiding behind the tree.

His shirt is off.

Walk toward the garage and then turn left.

Place a check mark within the box.

Prepositions Following Verbs and Adjectives

Some verbs and adjectives are followed by a certain preposition. Sometimes verbs and adjectives can be followed by different prepositions, giving the phrase different meanings. To find which prepositions follow the verb or an adjective, look up the verb or adjective in an online dictionary, such as Merriam Webster, or use a corpus, such as The Corpus of Contemporary American English. Memorizing these phrases instead of just the preposition alone is the most helpful.

 

Some Common Verb + Preposition Combinations

About: worry, complain, read

He worries about the future.

She complained about the homework.

I read about the flooding in the city.

At: arrive (a building or event), smile, look

He arrived at the airport 2 hours early.

The children smiled at her.

She looked at him.

From: differ, suffer

The results differ from my original idea.

She suffers from dementia.

For: account, allow, search

Be sure to account for any discrepancies.

I returned the transcripts to the interviewees to allow for revisions to be made.

They are searching for the missing dog.

In: occur, result, succeed

The same problem occurred in three out of four cases.

My recruitment strategies resulted in finding 10 participants.

She will succeed in completing her degree.

Of: approve, consist, smell

I approve of the idea.

The recipe consists of three basic ingredients.

The basement smells of mildew.

On: concentrate, depend, insist

He is concentrating on his work.

They depend on each other.

I must insist on following this rule.

To: belong, contribute, lead, refer

Bears belong to the family of mammals.

I hope to contribute to the previous research.

My results will lead to future research on the topic.

Please refer to my previous explanation.

With: (dis)agree, argue, deal

I (dis)agree with you.

She argued with him.

They will deal with the situation.

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Exercise : 1

Exercise on Prepositions – Time

Fill in the correct prepositions.

1. Peter is playing tennis Sunday.
2. My brother's birthday is the 5th of November.
3. My birthday is May.
4. We are going to see my parents  the weekend.
5.  1666, a great fire broke out in London.
6. I don't like walking alone in the streets  night.
7. What are you doing  the afternoon?
8. My friend has been living in Canada  two years.
9. I have been waiting for you seven o'clock.
10. I will have finished this essay  Friday.

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Exercise : 2

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions of place.

1. Can you see a woman ............................... the picture?

in

on

at

2. London is ............................... the river Thames.

above

on

at

3. The man is sitting ................................. a table.

before

in front of

4. The mother sat ................................ her children.

beside

besides

5. There are a laptop and a few books ............................... the table.

in

on

at

6. He put the money ..................................... the box.

on

in

at

7. The cat was hiding .................................. the door.

behind

out

under

8. Why do you wear that ring ................................... your first finger?

in

on

at

9. Can you see the helicopter ..................................... the palace?

above

over

up

10. The plane was flying ................................. Scotland.

through

across

above

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Exercise : 3

Complete the sentences with the correct preposition:

 

         in       into    over    above    beside     on      at       front     under      inside      between     below

 

 

 

1.    The bike is oninat the wall oninat the basement.

2.    The sun is onbehindat the house inonat Main Street inonat Ridgetown.

3.    The people are inonat the table inonat the dining room.

4.    The stairs are insidebesideat_the bathroom inonat the second floor.

5.    The bedroom is besideunderbetween the attic oninatthe third floor.

6.    The washing machine is besideinsidebetween the dryer.

7.    The steps are in besideinsidefront of the door.

8.    The tools are inonatthe peg board.

9.    The peg board is oninat the basement.

10.  The basement is insideunderbeside the house.

11.  The shower curtain is besideinsidebetween the tub.

12.  The cupboards are besideinsideover the counter.

13.  The roof is insidebesideover the house.

14.  The books are inonat the book case.

15.  The woman is putting something inintoat the oven.

16.  The dresser is insidebesidebetweenthe mirror.

17.  The shelf is insidebesidebetweenthe washing machine and table.

18.  The box is inonat the table inonatthe basement.

19.  The dishes are inonat the china cabinet inonat the dining room.

20.  The kitchen is inonat the first floor inonat the house.

21.   The computer is oninat the room inonat the third floor besideinsidebelow the attic.

 

 

 

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Use of 'not only... but also'

 While using 'not only..... but also' we have to know that ......

• The construction not only….but (also) is called a correlative conjunction. It is used to connect and emphasize 2 words or 2 phrases at the same position. Both two phrases are being presented by the writer as surprising or unexpected, with the second one being even more surprising than the first. We use “not only but also” to give more information.
• It can be used to list adjective qualities, nouns or verbs, to show complementary qualities, quantities or actions, events and states.

When to Use “Not Only But Also”

• We use it when we have two things and we want to give a little extra emphasis to the second thing because it’s even better, or even worse, or more surprising, or more impressive, or more shocking than the first thing.
• The most essential rule to remember about using this structure is that two parts of speech must be parallel.

How to Form Sentences with Not Only…But Also

There are two ways to use not only, but also. You can use it in the middle and end of the sentence, or you can actually use it to start a sentence with not only. There are some grammatical considerations we have to keep in mind.

#1. Use it in the middle and end of the sentence:

S + V + not only + Adjective + but also + Adjective

For example:

• He is not only arrogant but also selfish.
• Tom is not only rich but alsofamous.
• She was not only extremely intelligent but also very practical.

S + V + not only + Adv + but also + Adv

For example:

• John works not only quickly but also efficiently.
• Thomas writes not only correctly but also neatly.
• He worked not only hard but also carefully.

S + V + not only + Noun + but also + Noun

For example:

• She is not only a novelist but also a poet.
• He is not only a statesman but also a man of the people.
• Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor.

S + not only + V + but also + V

For example:

• He not only studies hard but also works well.
• She not only plays well but also writes music.
• He not only speaks English but also French.
• The robbers not only took his money but also laid into him.
• She not only entered the competition but also won it!
• He not only read the book but also remembered what he read.
• He not only writes his own plays but also acts in them.

#2. Use it at the beginning of the sentence or Inversion of Not only but also:

We can use not only at the beginning of a clause to add emphasis. When we do this, the subject and the verb are inverted.       

Not only + V/Adj/Noun/Adv + but (he/she) also + V/Adj/Noun/Adv Verb be/ aux (do/will/should/would /can/ could)

For examples:

Noun:

• Not only does he speak English but he also speaks French.
• Not only does she speak Spanish but she also knows how to type.
• Not only you but also I am planning to go.
• Not only do the nurses want a pay increase but they alsowant reduced hours as well.

Noun phrase:

• Not only is he handsome but (he is) also intelligent.
• Not only is the return address on the e-mail almost certainly fraudulent but alsoresponding to spam creates more traffic.
• Not only will that skill help your resume but also will make you familiar with on-line job recruiting.
• Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band was late.
• Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.

When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does, did:

• Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also didn’t even apologize for forgetting it.
• Not only did he needlessly place himself in danger but also no charges were brought against his prisoners.

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Exercise

1. There are problems with the children. There are problems with their parents.

2. He can make people laugh. He can make people cry.

3. She writes plays for television. She acts in movies.

4. I sent him many letters. I also tried to telephone him. 

5.We visit our grandfather’s house in summer. We visit our grandfather’s house in winter.

6. She can dance. She can sing.

7. They need food. They need medicine.

8. He has been late four times. He hasn’t done any work.

9. She was upset. She was angry.

10. In winter the days are short. They are also cold and dark.

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Use of 'Or', 'Neither... nor' and 'otherwise'

   The conjunctions or, either…or and neither…nor can be used to combine two simple sentences into one. These are used when two alternative facts or statements have to be presented.

Using or

Two simple sentences can be combined into a compound sentence by using the conjunction or.

• You can have tea. You can have coffee.
• You can have tea or coffee.

• You can go by bus. You can go by car.
• You can go by bus or car.

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Using either…or

• He is a fool. He is a madman.
• He is either a fool or a madman.

• The car dashed against a goat. The car dashed against a donkey.
• The car dashed against either a goat or a donkey.

# Note that either…or is used to join two affirmative sentences.

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* Using 'neither…nor'

Neither…nor is used to join two negative statements.

• He does not drink. He does not smoke.
• He neither drinks nor smokes.

• He will not spend his money. He will not invest it.
• He will neither spend his money nor invest it.

Notes

When the correlatives either..or and neither…nor are used, you must see that they are placed immediately before the words they relate to.

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Using otherwise

• You must apologize. You will be punished.
• You must apologize otherwise you will be punished.

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# Exercise:-

The structure neither…nor is used to join two negative ideas. It is the opposite of both…and…

Combine the following sentences using neither…nor…

1. He cannot speak English. He cannot write English.

2. He did not eat the cake himself. He did not let others eat it.

3. You should not meet him. You should not talk to him.

4. She has not eaten anything in two days. She hasn’t slept either. 

5. The old woman cannot walk. She cannot talk.

6. She is not beautiful. She is not intelligent.

7. He does not attend the class regularly. He does not learn his lessons either.

8. This book is not interesting. It is not useful either.

9. James did not pass the test. Peter did not pass the test.

10. Mike does not play cricket. His brother also does not play cricket.

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Use of 'either...or ' and 'both'

 While using  'either ......or'  we need to know that -

 1. Either is used when referring to a

 choice between two options. For 

example, “Either one deserves to win.”

 Or, “Either you leave, or I will phone

 the police.” It can also be used in a 

negative way, instead of the words 

'also' or 'too'.

2. When there are two or more options or 

alternatives, but we are not sure which of

 them is definite, we use 'either or'. The verb

 agrees with the subject preceding it. If the

 subject is singular, the verb has to be singular. 

If the subject is plural, the verb is plural.

It means that.....

Either… or… connects two choices:

I’ve saved some money to buy either [choice 1]a DVD player or [choice 2]an MP3 player.

We use either… or… to connect items which are the same grammatical type, e.g. words, phrases, clauses:

We can either pre- or post-date the document. I don’t mind. (connecting prefixes)

It’s either black or grey. I can’t remember. (connecting words)

You can stay either with me or with Swara. (connecting phrases)

Either I drive to the airport or I get a taxi. (connecting clauses)

 * Look some solved examples :-

1. He cooks dinner. Or she cooks dinner.           Answer:- Either he or she cooks dinner.
2. She can have tea. Or she can have coffee.      Answer :-She can have either tea or coffee.
3. He washes the clothes himself. Or he asks her to wash them.                                                            Answer :- He either washes the clothes himself or asks her to wash them.

# Exercise:-

Combine the following pairs of sentences using 'either…or'.

1. He keeps the keys himself. Or he leaves them with his wife.

2. He may attend the function. Or his wife may attend the function.

3. Give me freedom. Or give me death.

4. He must have done this. Or his brother must have done this.

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# The expression 'both' means the first one and the second one together.

Example:

* I like tea. I like coffee.

* I like both tea and coffee.

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Remove 'too'

 While removing  'too'  we have to follow following rules:-

1. Use 'so' on the place of  'too'.

2. Use 'that' on the place of  'to'.

3. Take subject in form of pronoun after 'that'.

4. Use 'can not' for simple present tense and 'could not' for simple past tense after it.

5. Write the remaining sentence as it is after it.

6. In some cases we have to make passive voice in the next sentence.

Exam. 1. Pari is too busy to get the time for watching tv.

And. Pari is so busy that she can not get the time for watching tv.

2. Shamli was too honest to blame her.

And. Shamli was so honest that she could not be blamed.

Examples for Practice:-

1. She was too weak to walk.
2. He is too slow to win the race.
3. She is too weak to pass the examination.
4. He is too foolish to win the election.
5. He is too old to walk.

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Note :- In a single sentence 'too' will be replaced by 'very'.

Exam.1. It is too hot today.

Ans. It is very hot today.

2. They were too busy yesterday.

Ans. They were very busy yesterday.

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Use of 'too.....to'

 While using 'too.......to' we have to follow following rules:

1) Use 'too' on the place of 'so' or 'very'.

2) Take 'to' on the place of 'that' or 'as a connective' and take given verb after it.

3) Remove 'Subject' and  'negative part' from the sentence after 'that' or 'from the next sentence'.

Exercise: 1.  Sentences with 'so....... that'

Exam. 1. He is so poor that he can not pay the bill.

Ans. He is too poor to pay the bill.

Exam. 2. She was so weak that she could not walk.

Ans. She was too weak to walk.

Examples for practice:

Use 'too......to' in the following sentences

1. Coffee was so hot that it could not be drunk.

2. An old man was so humble that he could not cheat anyone.

3. She is so intelligent that she can not miss any question to answer.

4. Swara is so pretty that nobody can hate her.

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Exercise : 2  Sentences without 'so....... ........that' (Two seperate sentence)

The words too…to have a negative meaning. It means ‘more than is necessary or desirable’.

Study the following sentences.

• He was very nervous. He could not perform well on the stage.
• He was too nervous to performwell on the stage.

• I was very busy. I could not talk to her.
• I was too busy to talk to her.

• The task was very difficult. I could not do it without help.
• The task was too difficult to dowithout help.

• It was very hot. We did not want to go out.
• It was too hot to go out.

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Examples for Practice :-

Combine the following sentences using too…to.

1. The place was very noisy. I couldn’t hear anything properly.

2. He earns very little. He cannot keep his family in comfort.

3. I know him very well. I don’t like him.

4. She was very anxious about her husband. She could not think about anything else.

5. She is very clumsy. She cannot handle glassware carefully.

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Narration (संभाषण)

Narrations are of two types :-

1) Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष संभाषण)

2) Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष संभाषण)

1)  Direct speech:-

When the speaker directly tells his thoughts to the listener is called direct speech.

Exam. Teacher said to students, "I am going to teach you English grammar".

There are four factors of direct speech:-

1) speaker :- teacher

2) listener :- students

3) reporting verb :- said to

4) reported speech :- "I am  going to teach you English grammar".

 2) Indirect speech:-

When the thoughts of first person is told to third person by second person is called indirect speech.

Exa.  Teacher told students that he was going to teach them English grammar.

 There are four types of sentence in which indirect speech is occurred-

1) Assertive sentence

2) Interrogative sentence / Questions

3) Imperative sentence

4) Exclamatory sentence

1)  Narration of Assertive sentence:-

 A sentence which start from noun or pronoun having regular structure  S + V1+ O + C  and ends with full-stop is called assertive sentence.

Exam.  He is playing cricket.

Assertive sentence are of two types :-   

  1) Affirmative or positive sentence

  2)  Negative sentence

1)  Affirmative sentence:-

 An assertive sentence having positive sense  is called an affirmative sentence. for example :- He is a good boy.

2)  Negative sentence:-

An assertive sentence having negative sense is called a negative sentence.

 for example:-  He is not a bad boy.

While converting direct speech of assertive sentence into indirect speech we have to follow following rules:-

1) use 'told' for 'said to'

2) use connective 'that'

3) remove inverted commas

4) make proper changes in tense

5) make proper changes in respective words and pronouns.

 for example 1 :- Father said to mother, "I will buy a new saree for you tomorrow".

 Answer :- Father told mother that he would buy  a new saree for her the next day.

 example 2 :-   Rama said to Lakshmana, " you are not my big brother now".

  Answer:- Rama told Lakshmana that he was not his big brother then.

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2)  Narration of Interrogative Sentence / Questions :-

A sentence which used to  ask some information is called an interrogative sentence or questions.

 for example  :- 1) What had they played on the ground ?

2) Does he think so?

There are two types of interrogative sentence or question :- 

number 1- Wh-type questions

 number 2 - Verbal questions

1) Narration of Wh-type question :- 

A question which start form Wh-word i. e. where,  who, whose,  whom, why,  what , how much, how many , etc.  is called Wh-type questions.

for example :- Why are you late today.

 While making indirect speech of Wh- question we have to follow following rules:-

1)  use 'asked' for 'said to'

2) use connective given 'Wh-word'

3) change the given interrogative sentence into assertive sentence

4) make proper changes in tense, respective words and pronouns.

 for example:- Mother said to daughter,

"Where are you going?"

 Answer :- 1) Mother asked daughter where she was going.

2)  Sister said to brother ,"Why did you angry on me yesterday ?"

Answer:- Sister asked brother why he had  angried on her the day before?"

2) Narration of Verbal Question:-

The question which start from helping verb i.e. am, is ,are,  was ,were, have,  has, do ,does, did , will ,shall,can ,could ,may ,might ,would ,should ,etc.and ends with a question mark is called verbal question.

 for example:- 1) Can I go there ? 

2) Have you ever seen this plot?

While making Narration of Verbal question we have to follow falling rules:-

1) Use 'asked'  for  'said to'

2) Use connective 'if' or 'whether'

3)Change verbal question into assertive sentence

4) make proper changes in tense, respective words and pronouns.

 for example :-1) Sita said to Rama,"Will you bring that golden deer for me?"

Answer:- Sita asked Rama if he would bring that golden deer for her.

For example :- 2) Does he break the rules, Aakanksha?", said Dimpal.

Answer:- Dimpal asked Aakanksha if he broke the rules.

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3) Narration of Imperative Sentence:-

A sentence which start from main verb having requests, orders , commands and suggestions and ends with full stop is called Imperative Sentence.

Exa. 1) Keep quite. (+ve)

2) Don't make noise. (-ve)

Rules:- 

1) use suggested, ordered, requested,and commanded for 'said to'.

2) take connective 'to' for positive sentence and 'not to' for negative sentence.

3) use the given verb as it is after it.

4) make proper changes in  respective words and pronouns.

Exa.  1) Teacher said to students, " Do your homework regularly."

 Answer:-  Teacher ordered students to do  their homework regularly. 

2) Father said to daughter, "Don't make noise".

 Answer :- Father ordered daughter not to make noise.

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4) Narration of Exclamatory Sentence:-

A sentence which start from 'what' or 'how' which expresses sudden feelings from the bottom of the heart and ends with  exclamation sign (!) is called exclamatory sentence.

 for example :- What a huge mountain this is !

Rules:- 

1) Take 'exclaimed' for 'said to'.

2) Use connective 'that'.

3)  Change the given exclamatory sentence into an Assertive  sentence.

4) Make proper changes in tense,  respective words and pronouns.

Exa. Sister said to Brother, " What a beautiful place I have seen!"

Answer:- Sister exclaimed brother that she had seen a very beautiful place.

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5) Narration of Universal Truth :-

A sentence which does not change its meaning anywhere and remains constant forever in the universe is called Universal Truth .

for example:- The Earth revolves around the Sun.

Rules to convert Narration:-

1) take told/ asked /ordered /requested /commanded /suggested or exclaimed on the place of 'said  to ' according to the meaning and type of the sentence.

2) take connective 'that'.

3) take the given sentence  as it is after connective.

4) there is no change in tense, respective words and pronouns.

Exam.  1) Teacher said to students, "The Earth revolves around the Sun." 

Answer :-  Teacher told students that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

Exam. 2)  Father said to daughter , "There are seven continents on the earth."

 Answer :- Father told daughter that there are seven continents on the earth.

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6) Narration of the sentence start from Let's :-

 Rules to convert narration:-

1) use 'suggested' for 'said to'.

2) use connective 'that'.

3) use  'they should'  on the place of  Let's.

4) take the given verb as it is after it.

5) make proper changes in  respective words and pronouns.

Exam. 1) Teacher said to students, " Let's go to the picnic now."

 Answer:-  Teacher suggested students that they should go to the picnic then.

Exam. 2)  Mother said to son, " Let's complete your homework tonight." 

Answer :- Mother suggested son that they should complete his homework that night.

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